Human Variation

     The environmental stress that negatively impacted the survival of humans and homeostasis that I chose to discuss is High Altitude. High Altitude where humans live can cause many negative things. Hypoxia being one of them which is insufficient levels of oxygen, which can affect the brain, heart, and lung functionality due to the lack of oxygen being sent throughout one's body. Intense solar radiation occurs in high altitudes causing a great amount of exposure to one's body. Cold temperatures are another factor that can complicate the nutritional resources, also causing humans to be exposed to difficult cold windy weather. Infant mortality and negatively affecting birth is another factor, due to the high altitudes reproduction is complicated due to the hypoxia and the poor blood flow from high altitudes which causes, miscarriage, preclamsia, and even premature births.

This data is a example of the stress caused by the high altitudes 

     The way that humans have adapted to high altitudes is their bodies sometimes not for everyone become used to the temperatures and slowly adjust to the temperatures, but for some this is not the case. One's who adjust to the levels of altitude have larger lungs to help them breathe better, and stronger stamina to help them bare the altitude. This is where acclimatization occurs when the blood cells are able to carry on through the body more efficiently allowing humans to be fine with the altitudes.

This data of anatomy shows our lungs and the area in which blood flows for oxygen

The way they have adapted to reproduction issues due to high altitudes is also being born with the ablility to breathe better in the areas in which you were born, which means that those born in high altitudes are adjusted because their bodies get use to the type of blood flow they need vs, those born in lower altitudes.  Intense solar resources gave them the opportunity to come up with alternatives to food sources and other sources.
The way they have adjusted to cold temperatures is again, allowing themselves to be used to rapid blood flow and the adaption to your body needing to understand that it needs warmer temperatures to survive.
The benefits of studying human variation from this perspective cline is better understanding of other cultures and why we differ in the smallest ways. Yes explorations like this can be helpful for us in the future so that we have a better knowledge about what kinds of areas have different effects. This information can be useful for someone who wanted to move to an area in which they were not familiar with and wanted to know all types of factors that had to do with the environment they live in.
     Race helps one understand the variation of how humans become adapted to impacts because different races have different ways to cope with the negative impacts and have cultural developments of their own that help them better their conditions. It makes it easier for us to understand what kind of culture they have by understanding how they have bettered their environmental issues over time.
   

Language Experiment 101

     PART 1: Not permitted to speak only communicate through the use of body language, hand signs.

     In my experiment part 1 I found it incredibly complicated to communicate, I often would catch myself getting angry and wanting to scream at my partner because they were not making it easy for me at all to carry on the conversation. For the most part I was nodding, and using my facial expressions to communicate. My partner found this assignment absolutely insane from the beginning but then began having fun when they would stump me and I could not figure out how to respond. They too were becoming somewhat irritated because they said they felt as if they were,"talking to a wall," which one can understand because we are so use to being able to speak back and forth with each other. They also thought it was complicated because they were more or less the ones initiating the conversation and continuously having to change the topic because I would at some point become unable to further the conversation. My experience was tough because I never knew how much I am horrible at hand gestures, or being quick to come up with something non verbal. My partner definitely altered the way they communicated to me due to my absence of communication; they said they had to "dumb" down the way they structured their questions, and comments so I could respond. 

     My partner had most of the control in the conversation because I was unable to come up with my own conversation, I was mostly only able to answer back to them. They constantly changed the topic, unless I had given up I would then roll hands in a circular motion to let them know I could not follow up with whatever they were saying. I had another person join in for a second to try and see if they would have a different outlook and they too thought it was complex, and they did exclude me from the conversation to ask each other how to get me to respond better. In a balance of power my partner, and partners had the most power because they were not limited as I was, therefore winning over the power. 

     In an imaginative conversation of two different cultures speaking to each other, the culture that uses spoken language most surely has the advantage of communicating complex ideas, because they are not limited to how much they can express their thoughts with no restrictions, while the other one cannot fully express what they mean to say or have a complete understanding when it is unclear, as my experiment I was only able to give a limited amount of answers, and communication while my partner was able to give the elaborate communication. The attitudes of the spoken language towards the symbolic language could be impatient, or uninterested due to the fact that they need to be patient to try and understand them, and uninterested because of the lack of tone in voice that usually helps us stay focused and interested. A modern situation that mirrors the relationship between a culture that can speak and a culture that can not is a deaf individual, they use ASL and the interpretation of lip reading to help them understand because for them they are sometimes but not all unable to speak words, so they rely on hand gestures and sign language to help them communicate. 

PART B: Permitted to speak, without expressions or body language. 

     This experience was easier than the first, because I am use to communicating with words it made it easy because it's my language, but it did put a burden that I was unable to express my words through hand gestures. I found that I use my hands a ton and I had to almost sit on them to stop using them. My partner found this one easier but found me to be more boring because I had no tone so he could not tell if I was being serious, mad, or humorous. They thought that this one went by quicker because I was able to carry on the conversation. My lack of body language was annoying to them because they didn't think I was interested in the conversation, again boring. The only difficulty they had was understanding my mood of my answers. 

      This experiment says that we use our body more than we realize, because when it is taken away from us we are limited as to how we feel the need to express what were saying. The type of information people receive from each other when reading body language is how they feel, emotions, and expression. 

     The adaptive benefit to possessing the ability to read body language is making it possible for us to respond the correct way, for example if we do not see the persons expression and assume something wrong due to the lack of tone, the conversation could go negatively, vs if you read the body language and understand it clearly you can make the conversation go as it should have been. The ability to read body language helps a person survive because they are able to communicate within others to work together to obtain resources, reproduce without causing any type of anger if one does not want to reproduce or does, and survive by using their voices to express any type of danger, or fear. 

     There are in fact people who have difficulty reading body language, for example a blind person relies on mostly sound and tone, but it is not possible for them to see exactly how the person is moving or acting. A situation where there is a benefit to not reading someones body language is when a person has a constant facial expression such as angry, and you glance at them and assume they are mad, in other words pre judging them incorrectly, therefore not giving you reliable information about the person because they could have been the sweetest person in the world. 

Piltdown Get Down

     The piltdown hoax was first discovered in 1912, in Sussex England, in a village of Piltdown. The hoax was began by the amateur archaeologist Charles Dawson. Alongside with him he had Geologist, Arthur Smith Woodward, and Paleontologist Father Pierre Teilhard to back up his analysis. His findings were what he thought to be a human skull which would have proven that England's humans were the eldest of all dating further back to 100,100 years ago and also giving Arthur Keith's theory that "humans developed big brains before walking upright," which is incorrect.  The scientific community was not able to necessarily challenge this theory because the National history Museum did not let people examine the remains and further challenge the discoveries that were made. Therefore nobody was able to challenge it thoroughly to make any sense of it. The remains were later tested again through measuring fluorine content, which was called relative dating, fluorine analysis that revealed that the artifacts were that of a female Orangutang that was less than 100 years old and that the fossils had been altered to fit a human figure, but were only that of a female orangutang who's teeth were filed down and who's jaw was changed and all stained to attempt to be dated as older.
     The human faults that come in to play for this is false data that was altered to try and prove new findings for one's advantage towards their credit. Dawson wanted to be credited for something great and was called, "ambitious," which can be easy to say that he wanted good status for his name and not to be named an amateur anymore. His ego came into contact with this hoax because he wanted a greater name for himself, which he did not gain correctly. This is an often human fault, for example at work if you take credit for something you may have not done and get noticed for it, it dis credits one person and gives you a higher name, which is unfair.
     The positive aspect of this process to revealing that the skull was fraud was measuring the fluorine content. Which is relative dating as I explained above, which helps reveal the correct date it was actually from.
     I don't believe it is possible to remove human error because it occurs inevitably like any other error could. I would not want to remove it from science because it allows others to help recover the correct data and sometimes error is necessary to produce efficiency because it could be checked again for error.
The lesson you could take from this is that you must not judge a book by it's cover, this comes into play for the hoax when the evidence was held away from other scientists to examine and just led everyone to believe that it was true because that is what they were told, the same as looking at a book cover and if it's not appealing you shouldn't read it or look further into it.

Homology & Analogy for Thought...

HOMOLOGOUS:

A. The two species I am identifying as homologous are, the great ape specifically a gorilla  and human. The great ape also known as a Hominidae can be located in Africa or Asia and mostly live in forest area. While the Human or Homo Sapiens vary all around the world and are great contributors to our society.  

HUMAN & GORILLA PELVIC BONE.

Digital image. Redirect Notice. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.

B. The homologous trait that the great ape gorilla and the human both carry is the Pelvic bone.  The main function for this trait is to be able to stand upright.  For the Gorilla the other uses for the pelvic bone are to move on all four soles of their feet, and be able to sit upright. The pelvic bone however for the Human is for walking upright vs slouched as the gorilla would be, the human body is supported by the pelvic bone which allows us to move forward with our legs and have motion up and down. The trait differs in position in some cases but also provides upper and lower body support. 

Lucy comparison Pelvic Bone
(size was altered to show height)

C. The common ancestor for these two species is the Australopithecus Afarensis, also known as a first found hominin which dates back to 3.2 million years ago. Lucy a well known skeleton found then was the first Australopithecus afarensis who began the pelvic bone structure. For this species the pelvic bone was much relied on due to the greater height this type was. It is certain that this species carries this trait because it too was proven to stand and walk upright. 

National Geographic. National Geographic Society, n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.

Digital image. Great+ape+gorilla+and+human+pelvic+bone - Google Search. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2017.

ANALOGOUS:

1. The two analogous species I am identifying is a Blue Whale and Bat. The whale known to be one of the largest animals is a sea mammal who swims through Pacific, Northern, and Atlantic oceans. The bat or scientifically known as Chiropteran is also a mammal who flies and uses the amazing echolocation to communicate within each other. 

2. 

   Forelimb of Whale & Bat

   The Trait that these two species have is an appendage called the forelimb, which contains the Ulna, Carpals, Radius. The Blue Whale uses this appendage in their fins to helps them swim through the ocean, and to catch pray, two very important tasks with this trait. The Bat uses theirs to fly and use their wings much like hands to preform things such as climbing and shading themselves or catching prey. They both use their appendage to stay fed, have motion, and fight off any attacks. 
   
   
   Digital image. Redirect Notice. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2017

3. The common ancestor most likely could have had this trait because it is a needed body part that helps with mostly all structures to function. These traits are analogous because the whale and bat do not share a common ancestor and adapt to their environments, ocean vs sea well.
   
     "Blue Whale." National Geographic. N.p., 23 Feb. 2017. Web. 24 Feb. 2017."National Geographic Magazine @ Nationalgeographic.com." National Geographic Magazine @ Nationalgeographic.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2017. 

DECODE THIS FOR THOUGHT

C A G T T A C C A A G A T G T T A G C G T C T G A A G T G G C T T G A T C C A T G 

Historical Influence of Darwin's Natural Selection Theory:Jean Baptise Lamarck

1. The individual that I have chosen to have influenced Charles Darwin's Natural Selection theory the most would be Charles Lyell who carried his belief in uniformitarianism: which is "the theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes.". He was the founder of modern geology who contributed to Darwin's Natural selection theory by proving catastrophism to be wrong which further proved his theory to be correct and giving more evidence that natural selection is true with is findings.

2. The contribution that Lyell had made positively to the scientific community is that uniformitarianism is logical and supports Darwin's natural selection. Darwin believed in constant evolution whereas Lyell ruled out what would have falsified his theory of consistency from George Cuvier who argued that catastrophism (the theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted chiefly from sudden violent and unusual events) would counter his belief of natural selection and the evolution of species. Lyell contributed to proving Darwin's theory when he proved that the Earth would not be able to "withstand multiple catastrophic events" resulting in loss of regions, species, etc. This helped the process of Natural selection be validated.

3. The point that "Organisms with better access to resources will be more successful in their reproductive efforts," traces back to the geological process of uniformitarianism that Lyell implemented. This shows that the geology of an organism in an area will evolve well with consistent access to what they need.

4. Darwin could have continued to prove natural selection to be true without Lyell's input because he had already obtained other evidence, I believe Lyell's contribution was extra evidence to strengthen but not necessary to complete his process.

5. The attitude of the church affected Darwin's Theory by giving him hesitation of going against his families religious views. Yet his work was threatened and almost credited to someone else so he had to publish his work before he could be discredited for all his years of work. 

"Sir Charles Lyell". AllAboutScience.org. N.p., 2017. Web. 10 Feb. 2017.

Anthropology Q1

If you were stranded on a desert island what two items you would take with you and why?

If I were stranded on a desert island the two items I would bring would be a fire starter, and food. The fire starter can provide me with a warm environment on a cold night, while the food will keep me alive and enable me from starving.